Freedom of Expression in the Digital age: Effect of Prevention of Electronic Crime Act (PECA) on Pakistani Media

Abstract

This study looks at how the Prevention of Electronic Crimes Act (PECA) 2016 affects freedom of expression in Pakistan, A especially as the country's digital media scene changes quickly. Based on the constitutional protection given in Article 19 of Pakistan's Constitution, the research explores how, lists, editors, media groups, and digital rights activists understand and deal with the restrictions from PECA. The study used a qualitative approach, including semi-structured interviews with media professionals and cyber law experts, along with a review of legal texts, court decisions, and other literature on digital governance and media rules in Pakistan. The results show that while PECA was meant to tackle online crimes and improve cybersquatting, its application has led to unexpected issues for press freedom and democratic discussion. Journalists say they are more likely to self-censor, face pressure from editors, and find it harder to do investigative reporting because they fear being prosecuted under unclear legal terms. Regulatory bodies have also interpreted the law broadly, allowing them to block certain content and intimidate media workers who publish different views or politically sensitive material. The study also points out that PECA has a bigger effect on underrepresented voices in the media, especially female journalists and digital content creators, who experience more online harassment and trolling. These gender-based challenges have limited their involvement in digital journalism, creating new kinds of inequality in access to free speech. When compared to international human rights standards, like Article 19 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), the research finds that PECA doesn't meet the principles of legality, necessity, and proportionality needed to justify limits on speech. In general, the study argues that while some regulation is needed to deal with online harm and false information, PECA needs major changes to make sure cyber security goals don't go against constitutional freedoms. It suggests more judicial supervision, clear policy processes, and training programs for journalists and media organizations to protect digital rights. Building these systems can help Pakistan find a fairer balance between national security and the basic right to free expression in the digital age.