Rise of Populism and Nationalism in International Relations: Implications and Challenges

Abstract

This paper critically examines the rise of populism and nationalism in international relations, situating these forces within the broader crisis of liberal democracy and globalization. Populism, understood as a political logic that juxtaposes “the people” against “the elite,” and nationalism, emphasizing sovereignty and collective identity, have increasingly shaped foreign policy across diverse contexts. Drawing on theoretical frameworks of realism, liberal institutionalism, and constructivism, the study analyzes how populism and nationalism disrupt established norms, weaken multilateral institutions, and reconfigure global governance. The analysis identifies key drivers of these phenomena, including economic inequality, globalization backlash, migration and identity politics, democratic erosion, and the transformative role of digital media. Case studies of the United States, the United Kingdom, Brazil, Hungary, and India illustrate the concrete manifestations of populist‑nationalist foreign policies, highlighting common themes of retreat from multilateralism, personalization of diplomacy, and emphasis on sovereignty. The paper further explores implications for security, economic integration, climate governance, and migration regimes, underscoring the destabilizing effects on collective action. While acknowledging critical perspectives that view populism and nationalism as corrective forces democratizing foreign policy debates, the paper concludes that their cumulative impact is destabilizing. Future trajectories suggest scenarios ranging from multipolar populism to hybrid governance, with profound consequences for global order.